Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation in C++

Here's a table summarizing the key differences between abstraction and encapsulation in C++:

Aspect	Abstraction	Encapsulation
Main Objective	Simplifies complexity by modeling classes based on essential properties and behaviors.	Hides the internal details of a class and provides a controlled interface for accessing its members.
Focus	Focuses on exposing only the necessary features and hiding implementation details.	Focuses on data protection and access control, ensuring data integrity.
Implementation	Achieved through classes, interfaces, and abstract data types (ADTs).	Achieved through access specifiers (private, protected, public) and data member declarations within a class.
Data Hiding	Not always about hiding data but often about providing a high-level view of entities.	Primarily about hiding data from direct external access.
Public Interface	Defines a simplified and clear public interface for users while hiding complexities.	Provides a controlled set of public methods to interact with the class.
Level of Abstraction	Concerned with defining abstract concepts and modeling entities.	Concerned with enforcing data protection and controlling data access.
Examples	Abstract classes, interfaces, high-level APIs.	Private and protected data members, getters and setters, access specifiers.
Achieved Through	High-level design and modeling of entities and their behaviors.	Data hiding, access control, and defining member functions.

While abstraction and encapsulation are related concepts in object-oriented programming, they serve different purposes. Abstraction focuses on simplifying complex entities by emphasizing their essential features, while encapsulation is more about protecting data and controlling access to it. Both principles are crucial for writing clean, maintainable, and reusable code in C++ and other object-oriented languages.